Still no word back from PayPal MTS, so for now to mitigate the situation, we're going to temporarily omit the parameters we normally pass to PayPal checkout telling them to callback to our system to recalculate tax/shipping based on the buyer's final shipping address.
That callback seems to be where PayPal's glitch is dropping any tax/shipping amounts that should get added to the final payment total, so hopefully skipping that callback will at least allow them to add the tax/shipping pre-calculated in our cart as-is.
This does open a potential for some PayPal buyers to calculate tax/shipping in our cart with a country or postal code that differs from their final shipping address, but that's how things were before the recalculation callback routine existed at all. That sort of trickery wasn't at all common then anyway, so that small risk at least beats not charging buyers for tax/shipping at all.